{"id":5589,"date":"2020-10-03T06:02:05","date_gmt":"2020-10-03T06:02:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/behzistdanesh.com\/?p=5589"},"modified":"2021-06-05T05:15:35","modified_gmt":"2021-06-05T05:15:35","slug":"hazards-of-chemical-pesticides","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/behzistdanesh.com\/en\/hazards-of-chemical-pesticides\/","title":{"rendered":"Hazards of Chemical Pesticides"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pesticides<\/strong> <\/span>are substances or mixtures of substances that are mainly used in agriculture or in public health protection programs in order to protect plants from pests, weeds or diseases, and humans from vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, and schistosomiasis. Insecticides<\/strong><\/span>, fungicides<\/strong><\/span>, herbicides<\/strong><\/span>, rodenticides<\/strong><\/span>, and plant growth regulators<\/strong><\/span> are typical examples<\/p>\n

Pesticide\u00a0 use\u00a0 raises\u00a0 a\u00a0 number\u00a0 of\u00a0 environmental\u00a0 concerns,\u00a0 including\u00a0 human\u00a0 and\u00a0 animal\u00a0 health hazards. Food contaminated with toxic pesticides is associated with severe effects on the human health, because it is the basic necessity of life. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including non-target species, air, water and soil. Pesticide toxicity can result from ingestion, inhalation or dermal absorption. Continued exposure to these chemicals for a long period may result in various diseases some of which are listed below<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0Neurological, psychological and behavioral dysfunctions<\/p>\n

\u00a0 Hormonal imbalances, leading to infertility, breast pain<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u0406mmune system dysfunction<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0Reproductive system defects<\/p>\n

\u00a0 Cancers<\/p>\n

\u00a0 Genotoxicity<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0Blood disorders<\/p>\n

Pesticides can contaminate soil, water, turf, and other vegetation. In addition to killing insects or weeds, pesticides can be toxic to a host of other organisms including birds, fish, beneficial insects, and non-target plants. Recent articles and reports review toxicological and epidemiological evidences for various health effects associated with pesticides. Extensive toxicological studies\u00a0 in\u00a0 animals\u00a0 demonstrate that a number of pesticides to which the general population may be chronically exposed are potential carcinogens, neurotoxins, reproductive toxins, and immunotoxins. Gonzalez with colleagues showed\u00a0 DNA\u00a0 damages\u00a0 under\u00a0 2,4-D\u00a0 exposure\u00a0 in\u00a0 Chinese\u00a0 Hamster\u00a0 ovary\u00a0 cells\u00a0 (CHO).\u00a0 There are evidences on involvement of pesticides in development of neurodegenerative diseases. Many scientists\u00a0 reported\u00a0 impact\u00a0 of\u00a0 pesticides\u00a0 on\u00a0 biochemical\u00a0 parameters,\u00a0 in\u00a0 particular\u00a0 on\u00a0 protein metabolism, endocrine , and reproductive systems. Pesticide contamination of both surface and ground waters can affect aquatic fauna and flora, as well as human health when water is used for public consumption. Aquatic organisms are directly exposed to chemicals resulting from agricultural production via surface run-off or indirectly through trophic chains<\/p>\n

Pesticide Alternatives<\/strong><\/p>\n

In fact, modern agricultural business leads to environmental crisis. Excessive use of pesticides and to increase the food production may result in serious environmental \u201cdiseases\u201d. They may be grouped into two sets<\/p>\n

Diseases of\u00a0 ecotopes\u00a0 (erosion,\u00a0 loss\u00a0 of\u00a0 soil\u00a0 fertility,\u00a0 depletion\u00a0 of\u00a0 nutrient\u00a0 reserves, salinization and alkalinization, pollution of water systems<\/p>\n

Diseases of biocoenosis (loss of crop, wild plant, and animal genetic resources, elimination of natural\u00a0 enemies,\u00a0 pest\u00a0 resurgence\u00a0 and\u00a0 genetic\u00a0 resistance\u00a0 to\u00a0 pesticides,\u00a0 chemical contamination, and destruction of natural control mechanisms<\/p>\n

Due to this and many other reasons, search for \u201csafest\u201d analogue pesticides of natural origin is for one of the most important problems of our civilization. Potential alternatives to pesticides are available and include specific methods of plant cultivation, use of biological pest controls (such as pheromones and\u00a0 microbial\u00a0 pesticides),\u00a0 plant\u00a0 genetic\u00a0 engineering,\u00a0 and\u00a0 methods\u00a0 of\u00a0 interfering\u00a0 with\u00a0 insect breeding.\u00a0 Application\u00a0 of\u00a0 composted\u00a0 yard\u00a0 waste\u00a0 has\u00a0 also\u00a0 been\u00a0 used\u00a0 as \u00a0a\u00a0 way\u00a0 of\u00a0 controlling pests. The major alternatives to traditional chemical pesticides are listed below<\/p>\n

Natural pesticides<\/p>\n

Biological pest control<\/p>\n

Plant genetic engineering<\/p>\n

Interfering with insect breeding<\/p>\n

Application of composted yard waste<\/p>\n

Cultivation practices<\/p>\n

Release of organisms that fight the pests<\/p>\n

Interfering with insects’ reproduction<\/p>\n

Soil steaming<\/p>\n

These \u00a0methods \u00a0become \u00a0increasingly \u00a0popular \u00a0and \u00a0usually \u00a0are \u00a0safer \u00a0than \u00a0traditional \u00a0chemical pesticides. The polyculture (growing multiple types of plants together), crop rotation, planting crops in areas where the pests that damage them do not live and use of trap crops that attract pests away from the real crop are elements of cultivation practices. Another example of an alternative to pesticide is using of other organisms that<\/p>\n

fight the pest. These organisms can include natural predators or parasites of the pests<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ref<\/p>\n

Maksymiv, I. (2015). Pesticides: benefits and hazards.\u00a0Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University<\/em>,\u00a02<\/em>(1), 70-76<\/p>\n

Nicolopoulou-Stamati, P., Maipas, S., Kotampasi, C., Stamatis, P., & Hens, L. (2016). Chemical pesticides and human health: the urgent need for a new concept in agriculture.\u00a0Frontiers in public health<\/em>,\u00a04<\/em>, 148<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances that are mainly used in agriculture or in public health protection programs in order to protect plants from pests, weeds or diseases, and humans from vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, and schistosomiasis. Insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, and plant growth regulators are typical examples Pesticide\u00a0 use\u00a0 raises\u00a0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5587,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28,29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5589","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles-en","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nHazards of Chemical Pesticides<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"esticide\u00a0 use\u00a0 raises\u00a0 a\u00a0 number\u00a0 of\u00a0 environmental\u00a0 concerns,\u00a0 including\u00a0 human\u00a0 and\u00a0 animal\u00a0 health hazards. 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